法律术语 9

[royl]

法律术语 9

01. custody
定义: (儿童)抚养, 监护; 拘留, 监禁
例句: In joint legal custody, both parents share the ability to have access to educational, health, and other records, and have equal decision-making status where the welfare of the child is concerned. (在共同监护案中, 父母共同享有取得子女教育, 健康以及其他档案记录和为子女共谋福利的同等资格)

02. damages
定义: 赔偿金(包括实质损害与惩罚性赔偿)
例句: If you are sued for damages following an auto accident, your insurance company will defend the claim. (如果在一个车祸发生后你被另一方控告索取赔偿金的话, 你的保险公司会为你这个被求偿案件辩护)

03. de facto
定义: 实际的, (虽并未经正式承认)即成事实的
例句: De facto racial discrimination and segregation in the USA during the 1950s and 1960s was simply racial bigotry that was not sanctified by law. (于一九五零及六零年代在美国实际发生的种族歧视与隔离只是种族偏见并不是法律所允许的)

04. de jure
定义: 法理的, 根据法律地, 法定的
例句: When discussing a legal situation, de jure designates what the law says, while de facto designates action of what happens in practice. (当论及一个法律状况, de jure指的是法律所规定的, 而de facto所指的是实际发生的行为)

05. debtor
定义: 债务人
例句: A debtor is an entity that owes a debt to another entity. The entity may be an individual, a firm, a government, or other legal person. (一名债务人是一个拖欠另一实体的法人实体. 这个实体可以是一个个人, 一家公司, 一个政府, 或其他法人)

06. debtor's plan
定义: 债务人偿债计划
例句: An unsecured creditor can object to the confirmation of a debtor's plan if he can establish that the debtor is not eligible, the plan is not feasible, or it is proposed in bad faith. (无担保的债权人可以拒绝其债务人偿债计划的批准如果他能够证明这个债务人不合条件, 此计划不可行或怀有诈欺意图)

07. declaration
定义: 索赔申诉, 事实陈述, 证言
例句: Some people add self-serving comments to their testimony, such as "I never tell lies," which can be stricken from the record as a self-serving declaration. (有些人在他们证词内添加对自己有利的评语,例如"我从不说谎,"这种作为图谋私利的陈述可以从法庭记录删除)

08. declaratory judgment
定义: 确认权利义务判决
例句: A declaratory judgment is a judgment of a court in a civil case that declares the rights, duties, or obligations of one or more parties in a dispute. (确认权利义务判决是一个民事法庭宣布确认涉及纠纷的一方或多方当事人的权利, 责任, 或义务范围)

09. default
定义: 拖欠; 未履行合约义务; 未出庭, 未提出法庭所要求的文件
例句: To default on a debt is to fail to pay it upon its due date. Default in contract law implies failure to perform a contractual obligation. (拖欠一笔债务乃是未能准时于截止日期偿还债务. 未履行合约义务在合约法上乃是指未能履行一个合约义务)

10. default judgment
定义: 缺席判决, 由于被告缺席对原告有利的判决
例句: Most often, a default judgment is a judgment in favor of a plaintiff when the defendant has not responded to a summons or has failed to appear before a court of law. (在大多数情形下, 一个缺席判决是指由于被告不回应法院出庭传唤或未能出庭时对原告有利的判决)

11. defendant
定义: 被告
例句: Criminal defendants are usually obliged to post bail before being released from custody and must be present at every stage of the proceedings against them. (刑事被告经常不得不于在拘押被释放之前缴付保释金并必须在起诉他们的法律程序每一步骤都要出庭应讯)

12. deferred adjudication
定义: 延缓判决. (被告以认罪来交换法庭所指定的条件, 当这些要求被履行之后, 被告可以免除留下犯罪记录或撤销告诉)
例句: In Texas, especially for first time offenders, there is often a plea option for deferred adjudication. (在德州, 尤其是初犯被告, 经常给予​​延缓判决的认罪选择)

13. delinquent
定义: 到期未付钱; 少年罪犯
例句: Therefore a record of your delinquent ticket debt should disappear from credit bureau records once the payment is received. (因此一旦你的罚款被收到了之后, 你的到期未缴罚单债务应该会消失在征信所的记录上)

14. demurrer
定义: 对起诉之异议; 抗辩书
例句: A demurrer is a written response to a complaint which pleads for dismissal on the point that even if the facts alleged in the complaint were true, there is no legal basis for a lawsuit. (一份起诉抗辩书是一个对控告的答辩, 基于即使被指控的证据正确属实但由于缺乏法律依据它请求撤销告诉)

15. depose
定义: (法庭外)宣誓作证, 采取证据/口供
例句: A deposition allows litigants to learn how witnesses will testify if called to trial. Generally, the law only allows a litigant to depose a witness once. (宣誓作证允许诉讼当事人了解证人如果被传讯时将会如何作证.一般来说, 法律只允许当事人对证人采证一次)

16. deposition
定义: (法庭外采集的)宣誓作证, 证据/口供
例句: A deposition is an invaluable litigation tool. Taking depositions allows litigants to discover relevant facts central to a lawsuit. (宣誓作证是个极为宝贵的诉讼工具. 取得的宣誓作证允许诉讼当事人发现对诉讼案件具有重大意义的证据)

17. detention hearing / detention release hearing
定义: (未成年犯)拘留听审, 释放裁决
例句: A detention hearing refers to a proceeding before a judge to determine whether an accused is to be detained, continue to be detained or released while the proceedings are pending in his/he​​r case. (拘留听审是一个由法官裁决一名正在待审的被告是否被拘留, 继续被拘留或释放的法律程序)

18. direct evidence
定义: 直接证据
例句: A direct evidence is a rea​​l, tangible, or clear evidence of a fact, happening, or thing that requires no thinking or consideration to prove its existence. (直接证据是个真实存在的, 具体的, 或毫无疑问的事实, 确实发生的事件, 或物证, 它不需要推理或考虑来证明它的存在)

19. direct examination
定义: 直接讯问, 对己方证人的初度询问
例句: As an initial questioning of a witness by the side that called them to testify, the purpose of direct examination is to explain your version of events to the judge/jury. (作为传唤己方证人作证的初步询问, 直接讯问的目的是给予法官或陪审团你对事件发生的解释说法)

20. discharge
定义: 解除债务
例句: In bankruptcy, once a debt is discharged, the debtor no longer owes it, and the creditor may no longer take action to collect it. (于破产案件上, 一旦债务被解除, 这个债务人不再欠债, 而债权人不被允许再采取法律行动寻求债务偿还)