法律术语 26

[royl]

法律术语 26

01. substantial abuse
定义: (法官对个人消费债务第七章破产)滥用债务解除检验
例句: If the court believes the debtor who has filed the bankruptcy petition under chapter 7 is capable of paying their debts, the court will not grant the petition for it is considered as a substantive abuse. (如果法庭确信已诉请第七章破产之债务人有能力偿付其债务, 法庭不会批准此被视为滥用债务解除之申请)

02. substantive consolidation
定义: 合并偿债, (两个或多个有关机构)资产与负债实质合并为一体的偿债
例句: In the interest of fairness, courts are reluctant to allow substantive consolidation. Pooling assets and liabilities generally will benefit one group of creditors while harming another. (为了维护公平起见, 法院不轻易允许合并偿债. 合并资产及负债通常会有利于某批债权人同时却伤害另一批债权人)

03. substitute charge
定义: (刑事案件)检察官更换原来控告的替代控告
例句: In order to gain an accused person's plea bargain, a substitute charge in a criminal case is a charge that replaces the original charge by the prosecutor. (为了取得被告人的认罪协商, 刑案替代控告是一个由检察官提出的取代原先控告的新起诉)

04. summary adjudication
定义: (基本无可争议的证词和证据)即决判决
例句: A summary adjudication is a ruling that certain factual issues are established before trial, based on a motion by one of the parties, contending that these issues are settled and needn't be tried. (基于某一方诉请, 即决判决是某些有事实根据之争议已于审前确定之裁决, 声明这些争议已经解决, 无需审理)

05. summary judgment
定义: (基本无可争议的证词和证据)即决判决
例句: Summary judgment is awarded if the undisputed facts and the law make it clear that it would be impossible for the opposing party to prevail if the matter were to proceed to trial. (即决判决乃是基于无可争议事实与法律明确显示出即使交付审判对方也不可能胜诉的情况之下做出的裁定)

06. summary process
定义: (基本无可争议的证词和证据)简易诉讼程序(用于驱逐房客)
例句: Because summary process deprives a defendant of all the time and legal defenses usually available, a plaintiff may invoke it only when specifically permitted by law. (由于简易诉讼程序剥夺了所有被告原可取得的准备时间与法律辩护, 原告只可以藉由特定法律批准才能援用它)

07. summons
定义: (出庭, 陪审团)传唤令
例句: The summons requires that the defendant file a response with the court or in small claims courts, simply appear in person on an appointed day or risk losing the case. (传唤令规定被告必须提出法院要求的回应或者于小额索偿法庭上, 只要于指定日期亲自出庭否则承担败诉风险)

08. supervised release
定义: (不能替代刑期的)被监督释放
例句: In criminal justice systems, parole is the supervised release of a prisoner before the completion of their sentence in prison. (于刑法系统内, 假释乃是一个服刑未满犯人的被监督释放)

09. surety bond
定义: 履约保证金, 财物保释, 百分之十现金保释
例句: A fiduciary, such as the administrator/executor/guardian of an estate, may be legally required to file with a probate court a surety bond to guarantee faithful performance of his duties. (受托人, 例如遗产管理人/执行人/监护人, 可能被依法规定缴纳履约保证金予遗产管理法庭来保证忠实履行其职务)

10. suspect
定义: 嫌犯
例句: A suspect is a person believed to have committed a crime and who is, therefore, being investigated by the police. (一名嫌犯乃是一名被认为犯下某刑事罪并因此被警方调查的人)

11. temporary restraining order (TRO)
定义: 临时禁制令
例句: A TRO tells a person to stop harassing or harming another, issued after the person being harassed appears before a judge or submits appropriate paperwork. (当受骚扰者向法官速请或呈交适当正式文件之后法院发出的临时禁制令, 它勒令某人停止骚扰或伤害另一人)

12. testimony
定义: 证词, 作证
例句: A testimony is an oral evidence given under oath by a witness in answer to questions posed by attorneys at trial or at a deposition. (一份证词是由证人于律师庭审提出问题时或于庭外采集证据时做出的一份宣誓诚实回答之口头证据)

13. time served
定义: 刑期由拘留期抵销(被判的服监刑期与被拘留的时间一样长的判决); 将被拘留的时间从被判时间扣除
例句: When a judge sentences a defendant to "time served," the sentence is the same as the time the defendant has spent in jail, and the defendant is set free. (当法官判予某被告"刑期由拘留期抵销," 此被判之刑期与被告被拘留的时间完全一样, 这名被告因此被释放)

14. title
定义: 财产所有权状
例句: In Property Law, a title refers to the legal basis of the ownership of property. It encompasses real and personal property and intangible and tangible interests therein. (依照财产法, 一份财产所有权状是指具有法律依据之财产所有权. 它适用于房地产, 个人动产, 无形与有形资产在内的利益)

15. toll
定义: 延长追诉时效期或执行期
例句: An action to redress a tort committed against a minor is generally tolled in most cases until the child reaches the age of majority. (在大多数案件中, 一个对未成年者造成伤害之诉讼案件的补偿通常是将追诉时效期延长至此儿童达到法定成年年龄时为止)

16. tort
定义: 伤害/侵权行为
例句: While many tort cases are usually physical, libel, slander, and the intentional infliction of mental distress are on a good-sized list of torts not based on a physical injury. (虽然许多伤害案件通常基于身体上的伤害, 破坏名誉, 毁谤与恶意施加精神痛苦也构成相当多的非属身体伤害的伤害行为)

17. transcript
定义: 法庭(文字)记录
例句: A transcript is an official written record of all proceedings in a trial, hearing, or deposition, taken down by the court reporter. (法庭记录是一份由法庭速记员记录下的法庭审理, 听审或庭外采集证据等诉讼程序的正式文字记录)

18. transfer
定义: (债务人财产)转让或处理
例句: To transfer is to move ownership of an asset or an interest in an asset from one party to another. (转让财产乃是将财产或资产利益所有权从某当事人转移给另一当事人)

19. transfer hearing / adult court transfer hearing
定义: (十四以上的未成年人)转移到成年刑事法庭的听证会
例句: Once a juvenile offender is determined to be tried as an adult in a transfer hearing, s/he faces the same penalties as adults, including the death penalty or life without parole. (一旦某未成年刑犯于转至成年法庭听证会被确定以成年人受审之后, 他/她面临成年人的惩处包括死刑或无假释终身监禁)

20. trial de novo
定义: 重审, 重新上诉审判
例句: A trial de novo is a form of appeal in which the appeals court holds a trial as if no prior trial had been held. It is common on appeals from small claims court judgments. (重审是一种上诉类别, 此上诉法庭举行一个有如先前审判从未发生的审理. 它常见于不服小额索偿法庭判决的上诉)