现在动词时态

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royl
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注册时间: 周一 12月 14, 2009 9:10 pm

现在动词时态

帖子 royl » 周六 8月 14, 2010 7:43 am

现在动词时态

资料来源: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_verbs

一般现在时/现在简单式 (Present simple)
肯定语气: He writes.
否定语气: He does not write.
疑问语气: Does he write?
否定疑问语气: Does he not write?

习惯性或通常性的行为:
He writes about beavers (understanding that he does so all of the time.)
他写有关海狸的书. (意味着他把所有时间都投入写作有关海狸的书)

做状态动词使用:
She thinks that beavers are remarkable.
她认为海狸是不寻常.

也具有未来的意义(虽然在其他语言是少见的):
She goes to Milwaukee on Tuesday.
她将要在星期二到密尔瓦基.

使用"do/does"来加强语气:
She does like you.
她确实喜欢你.

在回应否定语气或询问语气使用"do/does"就不是加强语气:
Does she like you?
她喜欢你吗?
Indeed, she does like you.
的确, 她喜欢你.


现在进行时/现在进行式(Present progressive or present continuous)
肯定语气: He is writing
否定语气: He is not writing
疑问语气: Is he writing?
否定疑问语气: Is he not writing?

首先, 这个语气使用在简单的现在进行活动, 也就是集中这个时间点的活动. 但是, 我们也可以使用在未来的活动:
I am flying to Paris tomorrow.
我明天飞往巴黎.

跟着"always"一起使用来指出某人经常做出令人受不了或令人恼火的行为:
He is always doing that (and it annoys me).
他总是… (意指他某个行为令你恼火)


现在完成时/现在完成式(Present perfect, traditionally just called the perfect)
肯定语气: He has written
否定语气: He has not written
疑问语气: Has he written?
否定疑问语气: Has he not written?

这个时态是指过去的活动但是仍对现在具有影响或关系. 换句话说, 这个时态着重在现在的结果:
He has written a very fine book (and look, here it is, we have it now).
他写了一本很好的书. (看, 就在这里, 我们现在有了)

或者, 它也可以指出一段包括现在的时间:
I have lived here since my youth (and I still do).
我从小就住在这里. (我现在还住这里)

比较:
Have you written a letter this morning? (it is still morning)
你今天早上已经写了一封信吗? (现在还是早上)
Did you write a letter this morning? (it is now afternoon).
你今天早上写了一封信吗? (现在是下午)

完成时态经常配合使用副词"already"或"recently"或"since"的子句/从句. 现在完成时可以指出习惯性行为:
I have written letters since I was ten years old.
我从十岁开始就写信. (我现在还有写信的习惯)
I have lived here for fifteen years.
我已经住在这里十五年了. (我现在还住在这里)

除了以上正常用途, 也就是谈到现在或包括现在时态, 使用"have done"结构的时间从句/子句也可以用在未来完成时上:
When you have written it, show it to me.
当你写完了它, 给我看看. (意指你未来写好之后, 别忘了拿给我看看)

我们也可以使用完成不定时态当不定式的结构必须使用在过去的观点:
Mozart is said to have written his first symphony at the age of eight.
据说莫札特在八岁就写成他第一首交响曲.
注: 请注意, 如果没有不定式的需要, 我们就必须使用简单过去时态, 也就是: He wrote his first symphony at age eight.


现在完成进行时/现在完成进行式(Present perfect progressive Or continuous)
肯定语气: He has been writing
否定语气: He has not been writing
疑问语气: Has he been writing?
否定疑问语气: Has he not been writing?

使用在过去的不间断行为延续到现在:
I have been writing this paper all morning (and still am).
我整个早上一直在写论文(我现在还在写).

现在完成进行时可以意味着仍在进行的的行动或刚刚完成的行动:
a) Why are your eyes red? – I have been crying since morning. (The action has already finished but was in progress for some time)
a) 你眼睛为什么是红的? – 我从早上一直哭. (这个行动已经完成, 但是已经进行一段时间)
b) She has been working here for two years already and she is happy. (The action is still in progress).
b) 她已经在此工作两年, 她喜欢这个工作. (这个行动仍然进行中)

如果我们必须要以"How long...?"(有多久?)来询问, 我们应该使用现在完成进行时态:
How long have you been working here?
你在这里工作有多久了?

但是与状况语例如(see, want, like, etc.), 或者某个状况被认为永久性的, 我们应该使用现在完成时态:
I have known her since childhood.
我自从孩提时代就认识她.

请注意: 如果我们谈到整段时期, 我们应用"for", 当我们谈到从一个时间点开始一个行动, 我们应该使用"since".

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