过去动词时态

[royl]

过去动词时态

资料来源: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_verbs

一般过去时/过去简单式(Preterite; Simple Past Tense)

肯定语气: He wrote
否定语气: He did not write
疑问语气: Did he write?
否定疑问语气: Did he not write?

这个语态是使用在单一的过去事件, 有时候用在过去的习惯行为, 或者是按时间顺序的叙述. 跟一般现在时态一样也可以使用"do"在强调性的语气上:
He did write. (他过去确实写作)

现在完成时态与一般过去时态虽然有些类似但仍有明显的差距:
I ate fish (Simple statement of event[s] occurring in the past. Nothing about present state.)
我曾吃鱼(发生在过去的简单的事件陈述. 跟现在没关系).
I have eaten fish (My present status as someone who has eaten fish.)
我已经吃了鱼(我现在的状况作为一个已经吃了鱼的人).

请注意: 使用"used to"的过去时态与一般过去时态不同, 我们看看两者比较:
When I was young, I played football every Saturday.
我在年幼时, 我每星期六玩美式足球.
(虽然一般过去时态只是一个简单的过去行为陈述, 这句话说我年幼时玩美式足球并不代表我现在不再玩美式足球)
When I was young, I used to play.
我在年幼时, 我过去曾玩美式足球. (过去习惯活动, 但现在我不再玩美式足球了)


过去进行时/过去进行式 (Past continuous)

肯定语气: He was writing
否定语气: He was not writing
疑问语气: Was he writing?
否定疑问语气: Was he not writing?

典型的叙述两件事情同时进行:
While I was washing the dishes, my wife was walking the dog.
当我正在洗碗的时候, 我太太正好去溜狗.

使用在行动中被别人打断, 而使用一般过去时做为打断别人的语气:
While I was washing the dishes, I heard a loud noise.
当我正在洗碗的时候, 我听到一声巨响.

使用在漫长的行动中一个时间点的某个行动:
At three o'clock yesterday, I was working in the garden. (Contrast: I worked in the garden all day yesterday.)
在昨天三点钟, 我正在花园工作. (对比: 我昨天一天都在花园工作)


过去完成时/过去完成式(Past perfect or Pluperfect)

肯定语气: He had written
否定语气: He had not written
疑问语气: Had he written?
否定疑问语气: Had he not written?

使用在过去发生的两件事情并指出一件事情发生在另一件事情之前:
He had left when we arrived.
当我们到达的时候他已经离开.

解释某行为之前的因果:
I was eating... I had invited Jim to the meal but he was unable to attend. (ie, I invited him before I started eating)
我正在吃饭的时候…我曾邀请吉姆来吃饭但是他无法赴约. (也就是说, 我在我吃饭之前我已经邀请了吉姆, 只是他无法来赴约)

从使用的话语中可以得知内容:
I had lost my way. (ie, prior to the time I am now describing)
我已经迷路. (也就是指明我所描述这事之前的背景状况)

只要不会造成模糊不清的语意时, 我们也可以使用一般过去时态来取代过去完成时态:
I first invited Jim then later ate the meal without him.

请注意下面用字措辞:
He left when we arrived.
他离开的同时我们正好到达. (请注意这句话跟下面两句不同意思)

下面两句话乃同样意义:
He left before we arrived. (我们到达时他已经先行离开)
He had left before we arrived. (我们到达时他已经先行离开)

过去完成时态也可以使用在不同条件下有可能发生但与现实相反的假设陈述:
If you had done the washing up before we left, you would not need to do it now.
如果你在我们离开之前洗脸洗手, 你就不会现在才做. (请注意, 这句话是指一个与现实相反而且是事后才做出的假设)


过去完成进行时/过去完成进行式(Pluperfect progressive or Past perfect progressive)

肯定语气: He had been writing
否定语气: He had not been writing
疑问语气: Had he been writing?
否定疑问语气: Had he not been writing?

过去完成进行时态乃是使用于发生在过去事件之前的某一已经进行了一段时间的行动:
Although the students had been working on the project for six weeks, their report was not ready by the due date.
虽然这群学生已经从事这件工作项目有六个星期, 他们的工作报告仍无法准时交出.

如果使用在被动语态上, 我们可以在"had been"之后再加上"being"所组成的结构:
Your document had been being printed just as the power went out.
你的文件被印制一半的时候碰到了停电. (请注意这句话的顺序是, 印表机先开始印制文件但还没印完就碰到随后的停电)